Liquefaction occurs when a material of solid consistency is transformed, with increased water pressure, in to a liquefied state. Introduction to earthquake engineering notes ebook free. Earthquake simulation and evacuation drill during an earthquake, the most important thing for any child or adult to remember is the drop, cover, and hold drill. The older map also shows locations of liquefaction observed in historical earthquakes, particularly the great 1906 earthquake and the 1989 loma prieta quake. Before we can understand earthquakes, we first must explore deformation of rocks and faulting. Page 42 earthquake effects liquefaction strong ground motion during an earthquake can cause watersaturated, unconsolidated soil to act more like a dense fluid than a solid. The magnitude of an earthquake is related to the length of the fault on which it occurs. It is based on a workshop held in dedham, massachusetts, on march 2830, 1985, at which liquefaction specialists from the united states. You should identify a safe area in each room so that you and your family know where to protect yourselves during earthquakes. Work together to provide firstaid to injured persons and extinguish fires. Then have students complete this activity about earthquakes. A complimentary combination of informational pamphlets for use in residential real estate disclosures assembled by california disclosures.
That is, the longer the fault, the larger the earthquake. Finally he gave some mitigation measures in order to reduce the existing problems for earthquake in bangladesh. Earthquakes can cause fires, tsunamis, landslides or avalanches. If the magnitude of the earthquake is small, the displacement of the causal. The surface where they slip is called the fault or fault plane. Locations on earths surface where no body waves from an earthquake can be detected. Fault plane a fault is a weak point within a tectonic. The same participants who will respond or work to rebuild the community when an actual earthquake occurs should be involved in.
Introduction to earthquake engineering notes ebook free download pdf and, after the earthquake is over, the process of strain buildup at this modified interface between the rocks starts all over again figure 6. Discuss concepts of cause and effect as they pertain to a reading assignment. A motor attached to the base forces the top plate to slide back and forth. Move a few steps to a nearby safe place if need be. Earthquakes of magnitude 6 and higher are major earthquakes. Explain what the focus and epicenter of an earthquake are.
An overview of earthquake related liquefaction events in italy. Introduce the story on master 2, the turtle tale, and read it aloud. Disastrous earthquake in bangladesh and its precautions from various authentic sources have presented the various important aspects of earthquake and its threats, risks, vulnerability, preparations, precautions and rescue tasks with special vulnerability information on rural electrification re program in bangladesh. The point on the earths surface directly about the center of an earthquake is called the epicenter. Handout 101 classroom discussion earthquake hazard and emergency management 104 ground shaking i. These earthquakes will disrupt services like electricity, water and sewer, and may limit access in and out of the region. Earthquake education workshops september 2014 charlotte, candler, and winstonsalem, nc earthquake history of north carolina presented by dr. Seward in the 1964 alaska earthquake, and extensive liquefaction in niigata, japan, during the earthquake in 1964, caused geotechnical engineers to become far more aware of, and eventually engaged in understanding, these phenomena.
Combined guide to earthquake safety and environmental hazards pamphlets. The great hanshin earthquake, or the kobe earthquake as it is more commonly known overseas, was an earthquake in japan that measured 7. Near the epicenter of the earthquake, in the city of leogane, it is estimated that. Learning earthquake tip 1 earthquake design and construction. Its like when youre teacher loses their marbles because youve asked them the same question 7 times in a row. The 2015 earthquake was located nearly 6070 km north of gorkha, between the major thrusts, the mct and the mbt fig. Earthquake response manual for students waseda university. To understand why earthquakes usually happen at plate boundaries.
Study of earthquake recurrence intervals on the wasatch. Epicentre the epicentre of an earthquake is the point on the surface of earth directly above the epicentre. As the rupture zone of this earthquake was being affected by more aftershocks, a fresh. Shakeout drill manual for non profits and other organizations pdf countdown to.
Discuss earthquake insurance with your insurance broker. An earthquake is a sudden, rapid shaking of the earth caused by the release of energy stored in rocks. During the last two centuries, earthquakes having epicenters that originate in indiana have been relatively minor events. A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext. Defining an earthquakeunit i, level 1, grades k2 i 2. Idriss, 2002 historical perspective the 1964 alaska and niigata, japan, earthquakes caused the geotechnical. Every earthquake offers a learning experience, enabling researchers to be prepared for future events. Contact your local emergency management office, local american red cross chapter, state geological survey or. Earthquakes strike suddenly, violently and without warning.
To react during an earthquake, start by staying as calm as possible. An earthquake occurs because of geologic forces inside the earth. How seismic waves shake the ground during an earthquake depends on the geologic layering. The most vulnerable cities in the northeast are mymensingh, kishorgonj and sylhet. In may 1997, jabalpur madhya pradesh suffered an earthquake of magnitude 6.
Identifying cause and effect page 1 of 2 earthquake. At the first indication of ground shaking, crouch under a desk or table, tuck your head, and. An earthquake is what happens when two blocks of the earth suddenly slip past one another. In the event of an earthquake, the universitys elevators are programmed to stop automatically. The movement of earths crust resulting from the release of built up potential energy between two stuck tectonic plates.
Earthquake magnitude earthquake severity richter magnitude earthquake effects less than 3. Identifying potential hazards ahead of time and advance planning can reduce. The phenomenon occurs in watersaturated unconsolidated soils affected by seismic s waves secondary waves, which cause ground vibrations during earthquakes. Moderate earthquakes rated up to magnitude 5 can cause minor damage. When this happens, tremendous energy is released suddenly. Plastic strain occurs when stress is applied to an object, and it becomes deformed.
Earthquake magnitude, intensity, energy, and acceleration by. Earthquake magnitude, intensity, energy, and acceleration 107 be about 16 kin. This small, electrically powered table can simulate the motion of an earthquake so that design ideas can be tested. An earthquake is a sudden, rapid shaking of the ground caused by the shifting of rocks. Port and wharf facilities are often located in areas susceptible to liquefaction, and many have been damaged by liquefaction in past earthquakes.
Soil liquefaction, also called earthquake liquefaction, ground failure or loss of strength that causes otherwise solid soil to behave temporarily as a viscous liquid. Within the earth rocks are constantly subjected to forces that tend to bend, twist, or fracture them. Stick and slip as plates move past each other they get. Earthquakes can have devastating effects on land, manmade structures, and countries economies. Earthquakes happen when the earths crust shifts, causing seismic waves to quake and crash up against one another.
Within the earth rocks are constantly subjected to. Learning from the april 25, 2015, nepal earthquake. Liquefaction hazard maps usgs earthquake hazard program. Overview the earthquake simulation table consists of a base section and a moveable top plate. Scholastic teachablesworksheets, lesson plans, learning games. Earthquake terms common earthquake terms focus the focus or hypocentre of an earthquake is where the earthquake originated from, usually underground on the fault zone. Identifying cause and effect page 2 of 2 earthquake. The classes of seismic measure for the modern buildings are 5 to 6.
Knuepfer woodwardclyde consultants three embarcadero center, suite 700 san francisco, california 94111 usgs contract no. The sudden slip at the fault causes the earthquake a violent shaking of the earth when large elastic strain energy released spreads out through seismic waves that travel through the body and along the surface of the earth. Geological survey division of land resources kenneth. Recommended earthquake safety actions federal, state, and local emergency management experts and other official preparedness organizations all agree that drop, cover, and hold on is the appropriate action to reduce injury and death during earthquakes. In addition, the california geological survey has zoned the greater san francisco area for liquefaction hazard in their seismic hazard maps. With these learning assessments, youll be asked to identify the most. Scientists also use the moment magnitude scale, which calculates the magnitude of an earthquake based on physical properties such as the area of movement. The location below the earths surface where the earthquake starts is called the hypocenter, and the. Staying safe where the earth shakes earthquake country alliance. No, earthquakes of magnitude 10 or larger cannot happen. Earthquake tip 1 learning earthquake design and construction figure 3.
Study of earthquake recurrence intervals on the wasatch fault at the hobble creek site, utah f. Earthquake emergency response plan zurich insurance. The science behind earthquakes what is an earthquake. Earthquakes can occur where no active faults have been recognized. To understand that earthquakes release seismic waves which can be measured using. Mapping the deformation and site response learning from earthquakes.
Wherever you are when an earthquake starts, take cover immediately. A study based on bam earthquake at 26 december 2003 showed pre earthquake thermal anomalies before the earthquake through analyzing noaaavhrr data choudhury et al. Liquefaction, which happens when loosely packed, waterlogged sediments lose their strength in response to strong shaking, causes major damage during earthquakes. Pdf an overview of earthquake related liquefaction events.
During the 1989 loma prieta earthquake, liquefaction of the soils and debris used to fill in a lagoon caused. Putting down roots in earthquake country ada county. Lesson plans and activities indiana geological and water. It can be seen from the maps above that most earthquakes occur at plate boundaries. Elastic strain happens when an object is deformed, and then when the stress. If youre in bed, stay in bed and protect your head with a pillow. In fact, from earthquake magnitude 2 to 6, the energy release and damage is not huge.
Earthquake insurance for condounit owners pdf brochure earthquake. Major tectonic plates on the earths surface the earth and its interior long time ago, a large collection of material masses coalesced and formed the earth. A full definition of the term, however, would need to include a good deal more. If youre in a car, stay in the vehicle and find a place to stop as quickly as possible. Focus the location within earth along a fault at which the first motion of an earthquake happens. If youre inside of your home or another building, drop to the ground immediately and find cover under a table or doorway. The earthquake was followed by several immediate aftershocks, many of which were mw 5. Folded rocks have been subjected to a plastic strain. This is a brief definition which students of all ages can master. Confirm that family members are safe and notify the university of your own safety.
The gutenbergrichter estimates of energy from ms agree fairly well with the static estimates mentioned above. Unlike hurricanes or floods, earthquakes come without warning and are usually followed by. A study based on bam earthquake at 26 december 2003 showed preearthquake thermal anomalies before the earthquake through analyzing noaaavhrr data choudhury et. However, if the earthquake magnitude is bigger than 6, the energy release can be destructive even billions dollar loss of life. In the case of the usgs earthquake database, the reference year is 1973. A great earthquake is believed to have occurred in january of 1700, but the most recent major earthquake in this fault system was in prince william sound, in alaska, in march of 1964. Eventually they become so strong that they cause rocks to break underground. Nearest location is virginia tech observatory on virginia tech campus. Try to obtain accurate information and avoid doing things alone when possible.
Large amount of heat was generated by this fusion, and slowly as the. Today there are many different magnitude scales in addition to the richter scale. And, after the earthquake is over, the process of strain buildup at this modified interface between the rocks starts all over again figure 6. An earthquake is the shaking of the surface of the earth resulting from a sudden release of. More than 8000 houses collapsed and 40,000 were damaged. Unlike hurricanes and some other natural hazards, earthquakes strike suddenly and without warning.
Create an earthquake safety plan for your home during an earthquake everyone should immediately drop, cover, and hold on under a sturdy table or desk. Combined guide to earthquake safety and environmental. Although earthquake shock is the best known cause of liquefaction. The figure above shows how an earthquake wave going through solid bedrock has high frequency and low amplitude. A fault is a break in the rocks that make up the earths crust, along which rocks on either side have moved past each other. Liquefaction occurs in saturated soil only, its effects are most commonly observed in lowlying areas near bodies of water such as rivers, lakes, bays, and oceans. For a business owner or risk manager, investing in strong. Earthquakes the map on the left shows the global distribution of earthquakes and the map on the right shows the worlds tectonic plates and their boundaries. Can cause major damage to poorly constructed buildings over small regions. Check your coverage it could affect your financial ability to recover losses after an earthquake. Overview of the 2010 haiti earthquake earthquake science center. Great shakeout earthquake preparedness worksheet item 1. The energy takes the form of motion that spreads out in all directions from the break.
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